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<TABLE cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0 width="90%"><TR><TD CLASS="chtitle">
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">
<CENTER><B>CHAPTER 26.&nbsp; PREPOSITIONS</B></CENTER></FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><BR>
<BR>

<!--page 352-->
The words <B>at</B>, <B>in</B>, <B>of</B>, <B>on</B> and <B>to</B> are examples of prepositions.
A word such as a noun, pronoun or gerund following a preposition is said
to be the <B>object</B> of the preposition. As pointed out previously, a
personal pronoun following a preposition must be in the objective case.<BR>
<BR>
A phrase beginning with a preposition can be referred to as a
<B>prepositional phrase</B>. The prepositional phrases in the following
examples are underlined.<BR>
e.g. He owns the house <U>on the corner</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We are waiting <U>for her</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; She has read many books <U>about flying</U>.<BR>
<BR>
In the first example, the noun <B>corner</B> is the object of the preposition
<B>on</B>. In the second example, the personal pronoun <B>her</B> is the object of
the preposition <B>for</B>. It can be seen that the personal pronoun <B>her</B> is
in the objective case. In the third example, the gerund <B>flying</B> is the
object of the preposition <B>about</B>.<BR>
<A NAME="use"></A>
<BR>
A preposition serves to connect its object with the rest of a sentence.
In doing so, a preposition indicates the relationship of the idea
expressed in the prepositional phrase to the ideas expressed In the
rest of the sentence.<BR>
<BR>
For instance in the sentence <B>He owns the house on the corner</B>, the
preposition <B>on</B> indicates that the words <B>the corner</B> express the
location of the house referred to in the rest of the sentence. Similarly,
in the sentence <B>We are waiting for her</B>, the preposition <B>for</B> indicates
that the word <B>her</B> expresses the reason for the action of waiting referred
to in the rest of the sentence.<BR>
<BR>
Although there are fewer than one hundred English prepositions, although
prepositions do not take endings, and although the structure of most
prepositional phrases is simple, the use of English prepositions is
very complex. The reasons for this are that most prepositions have
more than one meaning, many prepositions can also be used as adverbs,
prepositions are used in hundreds of idioms, many adjectives, nouns,
and verbs must usually be followed by certain prepositions, and there
are hundreds of phrasal verbs formed from combinations of verbs with
adverbs and prepositions.<BR>
<BR>
It should also be noted that the use of prepositions varies somewhat
among the different dialects of English. For instance, as illustrated
in the following example, there are some differences between British
and North American English in the use of prepositions.<BR>
e.g. <U>British Usage</U>: There is a fence <B>about</B> the garden.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <U>American Usage</U>: There is a fence <B>around</B> the garden.<BR>
<BR>
The discussion below emphasizes the North American usage of English
prepositions.<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<!--page 353-->
<A NAME="1"></A>
<CENTER><B>1. The meanings of prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>

The table below gives the most usual meanings of English
prepositions. Each meaning is illustrated by an example.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1abt"></A>
<B>About</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. On the subject of:&nbsp; This is a story <B>about</B> elephants.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Approximately:&nbsp; He is <B>about</B> ten years old.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1abe"></A>
<B>Above</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Higher than; over:&nbsp; The plane flew <B>above</B> the clouds.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Earlier on a page:&nbsp; There is a heading <B>above</B> each diagram.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ac"></A>
<B>Across</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. From one side to the other:&nbsp; We walked <B>across</B> the field.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. On the other side of:&nbsp; There is a store <B>across</B> the street.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1af"></A>
<B>After</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Later in time:&nbsp; <B>after</B> ten o'clock; <B>after</B> lunch<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Later in a series:&nbsp; Q comes <B>after</B> P in the alphabet.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. In pursuit of:&nbsp; The dog ran <B>after</B> the cat.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ag"></A>
<B>Against</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. In opposition to:&nbsp; Theft is <B>against</B> the law.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Touching; supported by:&nbsp; I leaned my bicycle <B>against</B> the wall.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1al"></A>
<B>Along</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Following the length of:&nbsp; We walked <B>along</B> the road.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1am"></A>
<B>Among</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Within a group:&nbsp; The money was shared <B>among</B> three people.<BR>
<BR>
<B>Note:</B> In formal English, <B>among</B> is usually used only when referring
to <U>more than two</U> persons or things. In contrast, <B>between</B> is used
when referring to <U>two</U> persons or things.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ar"></A>
<B>Around</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Circling something:&nbsp; We walked <B>around</B> the block.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Surrounding:&nbsp; There is a fence <B>around</B> the garden.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. In different parts of:&nbsp; I looked <B>around</B> the house for the keys.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. In the other direction:&nbsp; We turned <B>around</B> and went back home.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Approximately:&nbsp; He is <B>around</B> six feet tall.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1at"></A>
<B>At</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. A specific location:&nbsp; <B>at</B> 23 Chestnut Street; <B>at</B> the park<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. A point in time:&nbsp; <B>at</B> 5 o'clock; <B>at</B> Christmas<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. A condition:&nbsp; <B>at</B> peace; <B>at</B> war; <B>at</B> rest<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. An activity:&nbsp; <B>at</B> work; <B>at</B> school; <B>at</B> play<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Towards:&nbsp; Look <B>at</B> someone; wave <B>at</B> someone<BR>
<BR>
<B>Note</B>: When referring to a specific location or to a point in time, <B>at</B> is usually used. When referring to a certain street or a certain day, <B>on</B> is usually used. When referring to a location as an area, or when
referring to a unit of time longer than a day, <B>in</B> is usually used.<BR>
e.g. <B>at</B> Christmas; <B>on</B> Christmas day; <B>in</B> the Christmas holidays<BR>


<!--page 354-->
<BR>
<A NAME="1bf"></A>
<B>Before</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Earlier in time:&nbsp; <B>before</B> two o'clock; <B>before</B> Christmas<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Earlier in a series:&nbsp; S comes <B>before</B> T in the alphabet.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1bh"></A>
<B>Behind</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. At the back of:&nbsp; The little girl hid <B>behind</B> her mother.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Late:&nbsp; I am <B>behind</B> in my work.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Cause; origin:&nbsp; Who was <B>behind</B> that idea?<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1bl"></A>
<B>Below</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Lower than; under:&nbsp; <B>below</B> freezing; <B>below</B> sea level<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Later on a page:&nbsp; Footnotes are provided <B>below</B> the text.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1bn"></A>
<B>Beneath</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Lower than; below:&nbsp; <B>beneath</B> the earth<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1bse"></A>
<B>Beside</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Next to; at the side of:&nbsp; I sit <B>beside</B> her in class.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1bss"></A>
<B>Besides</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Also; as well as:&nbsp; We study other languages <B>besides</B> English.<BR>
<BR>
<B>Note</B> the differing meanings of <B>beside</B> and <B>besides</B>. <B>Beside</B> is
usually used with reference to a physical location.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1bt"></A>
<B>Between</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. An intermediate location:&nbsp; Toronto lies <B>between</B> Montreal and Vancouver.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. An intermediate time:&nbsp; <B>between</B> Christmas and New Year's Day<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Intermediate in a series:&nbsp; B comes <B>between</B> A and C in the alphabet.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. An intermediate amount:&nbsp; <B>between</B> five and ten people<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Within a group of two:&nbsp; The money was shared <B>between</B> two people.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1byd"></A>
<B>Beyond</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Farther than:&nbsp; The mountains lie <B>beyond</B> the horizon.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Further than; exceeding:&nbsp; That was <B>beyond</B> my expectations.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1but"></A>
<B>But</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Except:&nbsp; I have read all <B>but</B> the last chapter.<BR>
<BR>
<B>Note:</B> <B>But</B> is used more often as a conjunction than as a preposition.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1by"></A>
<B>By</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Near:&nbsp; a house <B>by</B> the sea<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Past:&nbsp; He waved as he drove <B>by</B> the house.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Not later than:&nbsp; Try to finish the work <B>by</B> next week.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. In units of:&nbsp; cheaper <B>by</B> the dozen; sold <B>by</B> weight<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Through the means of:&nbsp; travel <B>by</B> plane; written <B>by</B> him<BR>
<BR>
<B>Note:</B> <B>By</B> is often used in combination with verbs in the Passive Voice.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1co"></A>
<B>Concerning</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Connected with; about:&nbsp; He studies everything <B>concerning</B> trees.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1de"></A>
<B>Despite</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. In spite of:&nbsp; We walked downtown <B>despite</B> the rain.<BR>


<!--page 355-->
<BR>

<A NAME="1do"></A>
<B>Down</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. To a lower position:&nbsp; The ball rolled <B>down</B> the hill.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Further along:&nbsp; He lives <B>down</B> the street.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1du"></A>
<B>During</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Throughout a period:&nbsp; She works <B>during</B> the day.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Sometime within a period:&nbsp; An accident occurred <B>during</B> the night.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ex"></A>
<B>Except</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Not including:&nbsp; I have visited everyone <B>except</B> him.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1for"></A>
<B>For</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Duration of time:&nbsp; We walked <B>for</B> two hours.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Distance:&nbsp; I walked <B>for</B> five kilometers.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Purpose:&nbsp; I bought this jacket <B>for</B> you.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. In the direction of:&nbsp; She left <B>for</B> New York.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. In favor of:&nbsp; We are <B>for</B> the proposal.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 6. Considering:&nbsp; The boy is clever <B>for</B> his age.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1fr"></A>
<B>From</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Place of origin:&nbsp; We left <B>from</B> Boston; he comes <B>from</B> Mexico<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Start of a period of time:&nbsp; <B>from</B> now on; <B>from</B> yesterday until today<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Start of a range:&nbsp; <B>From</B> 20 to 30 people were present.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. Cause:&nbsp; He suffers <B>from</B> nervousness.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Source:&nbsp; I first heard the story <B>from</B> you.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1in"></A>
<B>In</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Place thought of as an area:&nbsp; <B>in</B> London; <B>in</B> Europe<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Within a location:&nbsp; <B>in</B> the room; <B>in</B> the building<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Large units of time:&nbsp; That happened <B>in</B> March, <B>in</B> 1992.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. Within a certain time:&nbsp; I will return <B>in</B> an hour.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. By means of:&nbsp; write <B>in</B> pencil; speak in English<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 6. Condition:&nbsp; <B>in</B> doubt; <B>in</B> a hurry; <B>in</B> secret<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 7. A member of:&nbsp; He is <B>in</B> the orchestra; <B>in</B> the navy<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 8. Wearing:&nbsp; the boy <B>in</B> the blue shirt<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 9. With reference to:&nbsp; lacking <B>in</B> ideas; rich <B>in</B> oil<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ins"></A>
<B>Inside</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Within:&nbsp; They are <B>inside</B> the house.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1int"></A>
<B>Into</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. To the inside of:&nbsp; We stepped <B>into</B> the room.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Change of condition:&nbsp; The boy changed <B>into</B> a man.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1li"></A>
<B>Like</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Resembling:&nbsp; That looks <B>like</B> him.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Appearing possible:&nbsp; It looks <B>like</B> rain.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Be in a suitable mood for:&nbsp; I feel <B>like</B> going swimming.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1mi"></A>
<B>Minus</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Less:&nbsp; Three <B>minus</B> two equals one.<BR>


<!--page 356-->
<BR>

<A NAME="1ne"></A>
<B>Near</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Close to:&nbsp; <B>near</B> the school; <B>near</B> the ocean<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1of"></A>
<B>Of</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Location:&nbsp; east <B>of</B> here; the middle <B>of</B> the road<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Possession:&nbsp; a friend <B>of</B> mine; the sound <B>of</B> music<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Part of a group:&nbsp; one <B>of</B> us; a member <B>of</B> the team<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. Measurement:&nbsp; a cup <B>of</B> milk; two meters <B>of</B> snow<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1off"></A>
<B>Off</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Not on; away from:&nbsp; Please keep <B>off</B> the grass.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. At some distance from:&nbsp; There are islands <B>off</B> the coast.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1on"></A>
<B>On</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Touching the surface of:&nbsp; <B>on</B> the table; <B>on</B> the wall<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. A certain day:&nbsp; That happened <B>on</B> Sunday, <B>on</B> the 6th of June.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. A certain street:&nbsp; <B>on</B> South Street<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. About:&nbsp; a book <B>on</B> engineering<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. A state or condition:&nbsp; <B>on</B> strike; <B>on</B> fire; <B>on</B> holiday<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 6. By means of:&nbsp; live <B>on</B> a pension; shown <B>on</B> television<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ont"></A>
<B>Onto</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. To a position on:&nbsp; The child climbed <B>onto</B> the table.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1op"></A>
<B>Opposite</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Facing:&nbsp; The library is <B>opposite</B> the fire station.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1oo"></A>
<B>Out of</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. To the outside of:&nbsp; She went <B>out of</B> the room.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. From among:&nbsp; We won two games <B>out of</B> three.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Motive:&nbsp; We spoke to them <B>out of</B> politeness.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. Material:&nbsp; The bridge is made <B>out of</B> steel.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Beyond:&nbsp; <B>out of</B> control; <B>out of</B> danger<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1os"></A>
<B>Outside</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. On the outer side of:&nbsp; <B>outside</B> the house<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Beyond the limits of:&nbsp; <B>outside</B> my experience<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ov"></A>
<B>Over</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Above; higher than:&nbsp; There are cupboards <B>over</B> the sink.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Covering:&nbsp; We spread an extra blanket <B>over</B> the bed.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Across:&nbsp; I jumped <B>over</B> a puddle.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. More than:&nbsp; It cost <B>over</B> ten dollars; it took <B>over</B> an hour<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. During:&nbsp; I saw him several times <B>over</B> the past week.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 6. By means of:&nbsp; We made plans <B>over</B> the telephone.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1pa"></A>
<B>Past</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Up to and beyond:&nbsp; I walked <B>past</B> the house.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. After (in time):&nbsp; It was <B>past</B> 2 o'clock; half <B>past</B> two<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Beyond:&nbsp; <B>past</B> belief<BR>


<!--page 357-->
<BR>

<A NAME="1pe"></A>
<B>Per</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. For each:&nbsp; 60 kilometers <B>per</B> hour; price <B>per</B> liter<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1pl"></A>
<B>Plus</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. With the addition of:&nbsp; Six <B>plus</B> four equals ten.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1si"></A>
<B>Since</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. From a specific time in the past:&nbsp; I had been waiting <B>since</B> two o'clock.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. From a past time until now:&nbsp; I have been waiting here <B>since</B> noon.<BR>
<BR>
<B>Note:</B> Because of its meaning, the preposition <B>since</B> is usually
used in combination with a perfect tense. It should be noted that
the preposition <B>for</B> can also be used with a perfect tense.
However, when used with reference to time, <B>for</B> is usually followed
by a phrase referring to a <B>period</B> of time; whereas <B>since</B> is usually
followed by a phrase referring to a <B>specific</B> time.<BR>
e.g. I have known him <B>for</B> six months.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I have known him <B>since</B> January.<BR>
In the first example, <B>for</B> is followed by <B>six months</B>, which refers
to a period of time. In the second example, <B>since</B> is followed by
<B>January</B>, which refers to a specific time.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1th"></A>
<B>Through</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Across; from end to end of:&nbsp; the main road <B>through</B> town<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. For the whole of a period:&nbsp; I slept <B>through</B> the night.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. By means of:&nbsp; Skill improves <B>through</B> practice.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1tt"></A>
<B>Throughout</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. In every part of:&nbsp; <B>throughout</B> the world<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. For the whole of a period:&nbsp; <B>throughout</B> the winter<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ti"></A>
<B>Till</B><BR>
<B>Note:</B> <B>Till</B> can be used instead of <A HREF="#1ut"><B>until</B></A>. However, at the beginning
of a sentence, <B>until</B> is usually used.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1to"></A>
<B>To</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. In the direction of:&nbsp; Turn <B>to</B> the right.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Destination:&nbsp; I am going <B>to</B> Rome.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. Until:&nbsp; from Monday <B>to</B> Friday; five minutes <B>to</B> ten<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. Compared with:&nbsp; They prefer hockey <B>to</B> soccer.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. With indirect object:&nbsp; Please give it <B>to</B> me.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 6. As part of infinitive:&nbsp; I like <B>to</B> ski; he wants <B>to</B> help.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 7. In order to:&nbsp; We went to the store <B>to</B> buy soap.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1tw"></A>
<B>Toward</B> (or <B>Towards</B>)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. In the direction of:&nbsp; We walked <B>toward</B> the center of town.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Near; just before (time):&nbsp; It rained <B>towards</B> evening.
<BR>


<!--page 358-->
<BR>

<A NAME="1udr"></A>
<B>Under</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Beneath:&nbsp; <B>under</B> the desk; <B>under</B> the trees<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Less than:&nbsp; <B>Under</B> 100 people were present.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. In circumstances of:&nbsp; <B>under</B> repair; <B>under</B> way; <B>under</B> discussion<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1udh"></A>
<B>Underneath</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Below, under:&nbsp; <B>underneath</B> the carpet<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ut"></A>
<B>Until</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Up to a certain time:&nbsp; She will stay <B>until</B> Friday; <B>until</B> 5 p.m.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1upo"></A>
<B>Upon</B><BR>
<B>Note:</B> <A HREF="#1on"><B>On</B></A> and <B>upon</B> have similar meanings. <B>Upon</B> may be used
in certain expressions, as in <B>once <B>upon</B> a time</B>, and following
certain verbs, as in to <B>rely upon</B> someone.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1up"></A>
<B>Up</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. To a higher place:&nbsp; We went <B>up</B> the stairs.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. In a higher place:&nbsp; She lives <B>up</B> the hill.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1upt"></A>
<B>Up to</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. As far as:&nbsp; <B>up to</B> now; I have read <B>up to</B> page 100.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Depending on:&nbsp; The decision is <B>up to</B> you.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. As good as; ready for:&nbsp; His work is <B>up to</B> standard.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1ve"></A>
<B>Versus</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Against (sports, legal):&nbsp; The next game is England <B>versus</B> Australia.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1vi"></A>
<B>Via</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. By way of:&nbsp; He went to Los Angeles <B>via</B> San Francisco.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1wh"></A>
<B>With</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Accompanying:&nbsp; He came <B>with</B> her; I have my keys <B>with</B> me.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 2. Having; containing:&nbsp; Here is a book <B>with</B> a map of the island.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 3. By means of; using:&nbsp; I repaired the shoes <B>with</B> glue.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 4. Manner:&nbsp; <B>with</B> pleasure; <B>with</B> ease; <B>with</B> difficulty<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 5. Because of:&nbsp; We were paralyzed <B>with</B> fear.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1wn"></A>
<B>Within</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Inside of:&nbsp; <B>within</B> twenty minutes; <B>within</B> one kilometer<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1wt"></A>
<B>Without</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; 1. Not having:&nbsp; Do not leave <B>without</B> your coat; <B>without</B> money<BR>
<BR>

See <A HREF="gramex26.html#1">Exercises 1</A> and <A HREF="gramex26.html#2">2</A>.<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<!--page 359-->
<A NAME="2"></A>
<CENTER><B>2. Prepositions used in idioms</B></CENTER><BR>

Below are examples of idioms consisting of prepositional phrases.
The following selection of idioms emphasizes those used in North
American English. The meaning of each idiom is indicated after the colon.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2at"></A>
<B>At</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; not <B>at</B> all<B>:</B>&nbsp; not in any way<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> all times<B>:</B>&nbsp; always<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> any rate<B>:</B>&nbsp; whatever happens<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; keep someone <B>at</B> arm's length<B>:</B>&nbsp; avoid becoming closely involved with someone<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> close quarters<B>:</B>&nbsp; very near<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> one's disposal<B>:</B>&nbsp; to be used as one wishes<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> a distance<B>:</B>&nbsp; not near<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> fault<B>:</B>&nbsp; causing something wrong<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> first<B>:</B>&nbsp; at the beginning<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; see <B>at</B> a glance<B>:</B>&nbsp; see immediately<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> hand<B>:</B>&nbsp; near; readily available<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> last<B>:</B>&nbsp; finally, after some delay<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> a loss<B>:</B>&nbsp; uncertain what to do or say<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> the mercy of<B>:</B>&nbsp; without defense against<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> the moment<B>:</B>&nbsp; now<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> once<B>:</B>&nbsp; immediately<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> present<B>:</B>&nbsp; now<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> rest<B>:</B>&nbsp; not moving<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> risk<B>:</B>&nbsp; threatened by danger or loss<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> short notice<B>:</B>&nbsp; with little warning<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> stake<B>:</B>&nbsp; to be won or lost<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> a stretch<B>:</B>&nbsp; continuously<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> that rate<B>:</B>&nbsp; under those circumstances<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> this point<B>:</B>&nbsp; at this place; at this moment<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>at</B> the wheel<B>:</B>&nbsp; in control<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2bh"></A>
<B>Behind</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>behind</B> the scenes<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of persons) influencing events secretly; (in a theater) behind the stage<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>behind</B> schedule<B>:</B>&nbsp; not on time<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2bs"></A>
<B>Beside</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>beside</B> oneself<B>:</B>&nbsp; lose one's self-control<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>beside</B> the point<B>:</B>&nbsp; irrelevant<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2bt"></A>
<B>Between</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; read <B>between</B> the lines<B>:</B>&nbsp; deduce a meaning that is not actually expressed<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2bd"></A>
<B>Beyond</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>beyond</B> help<B>:</B>&nbsp; unable to be helped<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>beyond</B> a joke<B>:</B>&nbsp; too annoying to be amusing<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>beyond</B> reproach<B>:</B>&nbsp; perfect; blameless<BR>


<!--page 360-->
<BR>

<A NAME="2by"></A>
<B>By</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> accident<B>:</B>&nbsp; not deliberately<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> all means<B>:</B>&nbsp; by any possible method<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; bit <B>by</B> bit<B>:</B>&nbsp; gradually<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> chance<B>:</B>&nbsp; by accident; without planning<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> courtesy of<B>:</B>&nbsp; with the help or permission of<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; win <B>by</B> default<B>:</B>&nbsp; win because of lack of competition<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> degrees<B>:</B>&nbsp; gradually<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; perform <B>by</B> ear<B>:</B>&nbsp; perform (music) by listening to the sound, without referring to written music<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> hand<B>:</B>&nbsp; without the use of machinery<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> heart<B>:</B>&nbsp; from memory<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; little <B>by</B> little<B>:</B>&nbsp; gradually<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> means of<B>:</B>&nbsp; by using<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> mistake<B>:</B>&nbsp; accidentally<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> no means<B>:</B>&nbsp; not at all<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; one <B>by</B> one<B>:</B>&nbsp; one at a time<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> oneself<B>:</B>&nbsp; alone<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; side <B>by</B> side<B>:</B>&nbsp; beside one another<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> the way<B>:</B>&nbsp; incidentally (used to introduce an unrelated topic of conversation)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>by</B> word of mouth<B>:</B>&nbsp; orally<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2for"></A>
<B>For</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; once and <B>for</B> all<B>:</B>&nbsp; for the last time (e.g. used when giving someone a final warning)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> certain<B>:</B>&nbsp; definitely; without doubt<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> a change<B>:</B>&nbsp; for the sake of variety<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> example<B>:</B>&nbsp; as an illustration<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> fun<B>:</B>&nbsp; for the sake of enjoyment<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> good<B>:</B>&nbsp; permanently<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> good measure<B>:</B>&nbsp; in addition to the necessary amount<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> instance<B>:</B>&nbsp; for example; as an illustration<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> keeps<B>:</B>&nbsp; (colloquial) permanently<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> a living<B>:</B>&nbsp; as a profession<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> now<B>:</B>&nbsp; temporarily<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; run <B>for</B> office<B>:</B>&nbsp; compete for an elected position<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> one thing<B>:</B>&nbsp; because of one reason (out of several)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> the sake of<B>:</B>&nbsp; for the benefit of; for the purpose of<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> sale<B>:</B>&nbsp; intended to be sold<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> sure<B>:</B>&nbsp; definitely (more colloquial than <B>for certain</B>)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; food <B>for</B> thought<B>:</B>&nbsp; something which makes one think<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; play <B>for</B> time<B>:</B>&nbsp; delay doing something in the hope that the situation will improve<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> the time being<B>:</B>&nbsp; until some other arrangement is made<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; ask <B>for</B> trouble<B>:</B>&nbsp; act in a dangerous or foolish way<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>for</B> a while<B>:</B>&nbsp; for a period of time<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; word <B>for</B> word<B>:</B>&nbsp; exactly as said or written<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 361-->
<A NAME="2fr"></A>
<B>From</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>from</B> afar<B>:</B>&nbsp; from a distance<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>from</B> all sides<B>:</B>&nbsp; from all directions<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>from</B> head to foot<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of a person) completely; all over<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>from</B> scratch<B>:</B>&nbsp; from the beginning<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>from</B> time to time<B>:</B>&nbsp; occasionally<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2in"></A>
<B>In</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> addition to<B>:</B>&nbsp; as well as<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> advance<B>:</B>&nbsp; before<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>in</B> agreement with<B>:</B>&nbsp; have the same opinion as<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> any case<B>:</B>&nbsp; whatever happens<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> brief<B>:</B>&nbsp; in a few words<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> bulk<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of goods) in large amounts; not in packages<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>in</B> charge of<B>:</B>&nbsp; have responsibility for<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> common<B>:</B>&nbsp; shared by all members of a group<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> control<B>:</B>&nbsp; having the power to direct something<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> the course of<B>:</B>&nbsp; during<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> danger<B>:</B>&nbsp; likely to be harmed<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> a daze<B>:</B>&nbsp; unable to think clearly; confused<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> debt<B>:</B>&nbsp; owing money<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> demand<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of goods or persons) desired by many people<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> depth<B>:</B>&nbsp; (investigate something) thoroughly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> detail<B>:</B>&nbsp; (explain something) thoroughly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> disgrace<B>:</B>&nbsp; regarded with disapproval because of having done something wrong<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> the distance<B>:</B>&nbsp; far away<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> doubt<B>:</B>&nbsp; uncertain<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> duplicate<B>:</B>&nbsp; so that there are two identical copies (of a document)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> earnest<B>:</B>&nbsp; seriously; in a determined way<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> effect<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of rules) operating<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> the end<B>:</B>&nbsp; finally<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> fact<B>:</B>&nbsp; in reality; really<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> fashion<B>:</B>&nbsp; fashionable; accepted as being the most desirable and up to date<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> favor of<B>:</B>&nbsp; supporting (an idea)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> flames<B>:</B>&nbsp; burning, with visible flames<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> a flash<B>:</B>&nbsp; very quickly; suddenly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> full<B>:</B>&nbsp; without omitting anything<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> general<B>:</B>&nbsp; usually; as a whole<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; hand <B>in</B> hand<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of persons) holding hands; (of related situations) occurring together<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> a hurry<B>:</B>&nbsp; trying to accomplish something quickly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> jest<B>:</B>&nbsp; as a joke<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> kind<B>:</B>&nbsp; (payment) in goods rather than in money<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> itself<B>:</B>&nbsp; without reference to anything else<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> league with<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of persons) joined together with (usually for a dishonest purpose)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>in</B> the limelight<B>:</B>&nbsp; be the focus of attention; receive great publicity<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> the long run<B>:</B>&nbsp; in the end; eventually<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> the long term<B>:</B>&nbsp; looking ahead to the distant future<BR>

<!--page 362-->
&nbsp; &nbsp; leave someone <B>in</B> the lurch<B>:</B>&nbsp; abandon someone who is in a difficult situation<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>in</B> the minority<B>:</B>&nbsp; be in the smaller of two groups<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> mint condition<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of manufactured goods) perfect; brand-new<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> a minute<B>:</B>&nbsp; soon<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> a moment<B>:</B>&nbsp; soon; quickly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; set something <B>in</B> motion<B>:</B>&nbsp; start something going<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; nip something <B>in</B> the bud<B>:</B>&nbsp; put an end to something before it gets properly started<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> no time<B>:</B>&nbsp; very soon; very quickly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> order of<B>:</B>&nbsp; arranged according to<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> order to<B>:</B>&nbsp; for the purpose of<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> part<B>:</B>&nbsp; to some degree<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> particular<B>:</B>&nbsp; especially<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> power<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of a political party) holding office<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> practice<B>:</B>&nbsp; able to do something well because of recent practice; in reality (opposite of <B>in</B> theory)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> print<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of a book) printed and available from the publisher<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> private<B>:</B>&nbsp; not in front of other people<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> public<B>:</B>&nbsp; openly; not in private<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> reality<B>:</B>&nbsp; really<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> reserve<B>:</B>&nbsp; saved for later use<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> retrospect<B>:</B>&nbsp; looking back over past events<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> return for<B>:</B>&nbsp; as repayment for<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>in</B> the right<B>:</B>&nbsp; be correct<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> season<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of fruit or vegetables) readily available at that time of year<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> a second<B>:</B>&nbsp; soon; quickly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> short supply<B>:</B>&nbsp; scarce; not easily obtainable<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> sight<B>:</B>&nbsp; able to be seen<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> stock<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of goods at a store) present and available<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> that case<B>:</B>&nbsp; if that is true<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> theory<B>:</B>&nbsp; ideally; according to theoretical considerations<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>in</B> time<B>:</B>&nbsp; not be late<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> touch with in<B>:</B>&nbsp; communication with; informed about<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> triplicate<B>:</B>&nbsp; so that there are three identical copies (of a document)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>in</B> trouble<B>:</B>&nbsp; be in a difficult situation; be blamed or punished for doing something wrong<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> tune<B>:</B>&nbsp; at the correct pitch<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; act <B>in</B> unison<B>:</B>&nbsp; act together<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> vain<B>:</B>&nbsp; without success<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> the vicinity of<B>:</B>&nbsp; near<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; once <B>in</B> a while<B>:</B>&nbsp; occasionally<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> words of one syllable<B>:</B>&nbsp; (explain something) clearly and simply<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> working order<B>:</B>&nbsp; able to function properly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>in</B> the wrong<B>:</B>&nbsp; responsible for an error; guilty<BR>

<!--page 363-->
<BR>
<A NAME="2ins"></A>
<B>Inside</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>inside</B> out<B>:</B>&nbsp; with the inner side out; thoroughly<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2int"></A>
<B>Into</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; paint oneself <B>into</B> a corner<B>:</B>&nbsp; take a course of action which greatly narrows one's future choices of action<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; go <B>into</B> hiding<B>:</B>&nbsp; hide oneself<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; get <B>into</B> a rut<B>:</B>&nbsp; get into a fixed and uninteresting way of life<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; get <B>into</B> trouble<B>:</B>&nbsp; get into a difficult situation; do something deserving blame or punishment<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2of"></A>
<B>Of</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>of</B> course<B>:</B>&nbsp; certainly; as one would expect; as everyone knows<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; hard <B>of</B> hearing<B>:</B>&nbsp; somewhat deaf<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; next <B>of</B> kin<B>:</B>&nbsp; nearest relative or relatives<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>of</B> one's own accord<B>:</B>&nbsp; voluntarily; on one's own initiative<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>of</B> one's own free will<B>:</B>&nbsp; voluntarily; by choice<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; one's point <B>of</B> view<B>:</B>&nbsp; one's opinion about something<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; right <B>of</B> way<B>:</B>&nbsp; public right to use a path or road; (of road traffic) right to proceed before others<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; rule <B>of</B> thumb<B>:</B>&nbsp; a simple way to calculate what procedure to follow, based on extensive experience, rather than on theoretical considerations<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2off"></A>
<B>Off</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; go <B>off</B> the air<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of radio or television) stop broadcasting<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>off</B> duty<B>:</B>&nbsp; not engaged in one's regular work<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>off</B> one's hands<B>:</B>&nbsp; no longer one's responsibility<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>off</B> and on<B>:</B>&nbsp; from time to time<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>off</B> the record<B>:</B>&nbsp; say something privately, that is not to be officially recorded<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>off</B> the track<B>:</B>&nbsp; following a wrong line of thought or action<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2on"></A>
<B>On</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> account of<B>:</B>&nbsp; because of<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>on</B> the air<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of radio or television) be in the process of broadcasting<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> the alert<B>:</B>&nbsp; ready to act<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>on</B> all fours<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of a person) be on hands and knees<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> the average<B>:</B>&nbsp; usually; normally<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> behalf of<B>:</B>&nbsp; for; in the interests of<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> board<B>:</B>&nbsp; on a ship or airplane<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> business<B>:</B>&nbsp; as part of one's work<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> condition that<B>:</B>&nbsp; only if; provided that<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> demand<B>:</B>&nbsp; when asked for<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> display<B>:</B>&nbsp; being exhibited<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>on</B> duty<B>:</B>&nbsp; engaged in one's regular work<BR>

<!--page 364-->
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> fire<B>:</B>&nbsp; burning<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  to go <B>on</B> foot<B>:</B>&nbsp; to walk<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  be <B>on</B> one's guard<B>:</B>&nbsp; be alert and ready to meet an attack<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> hand<B>:</B>&nbsp; available<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> loan<B>:</B>&nbsp; lent and not yet returned<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  shoot <B>on</B> location<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of a movie) film in natural surroundings, not in a studio<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> the lookout<B>:</B>&nbsp; watchful<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  put something <B>on</B> the map<B>:</B>&nbsp; cause something to become well-known<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  get <B>on</B> one's nerves<B>:</B>&nbsp; annoy; irritate<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> no account<B>:</B>&nbsp; absolutely not<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> the one hand<B>:</B>&nbsp; (used to introduce one side of an argument)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> one's own<B>:</B>&nbsp; alone; without help<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  act <B>on</B> one's own initiative<B>:</B>&nbsp; act independently, without orders from anyone else<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> order<B>:</B>&nbsp; requested but not yet delivered<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> the other hand<B>:</B>&nbsp; (used to introduce a contrasting side of an argument)<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  act <B>on</B> principle<B>:</B>&nbsp; do something to support a policy<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> purpose<B>:</B>&nbsp; deliberately<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  go <B>on</B> record<B>:</B>&nbsp; say something which is to be officially recorded<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> sale<B>:</B>&nbsp; being sold at a lower price than usual<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> schedule<B>:</B>&nbsp; at the correct time; as planned or predicted<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> second thoughts<B>:</B>&nbsp; after thinking further about something<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> a shoestring<B>:</B>&nbsp; with a very small amount of money<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  be <B>on</B> the spot<B>:</B>&nbsp; be where important events are taking place; be placed in an awkward situation<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> the spur of the moment<B>:</B>&nbsp; on a sudden impulse<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  go off <B>on</B> a tangent<B>:</B>&nbsp; change suddenly to a new line of thought or action<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> time<B>:</B>&nbsp; at the correct time<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  walk <B>on</B> tiptoe<B>:</B>&nbsp; walk on the toes and balls of the feet<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  accept something <B>on</B> trust<B>:</B>&nbsp; accept something without proof<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> the verge of<B>:</B>&nbsp; very close to; about to<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp;  <B>on</B> the whole<B>:</B>&nbsp; taking everything into consideration<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2oo"></A>
<B>Out of</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> the blue<B>:</B>&nbsp; unexpectedly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> breath<B>:</B>&nbsp; (after running) panting from a shortage of oxygen<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> character<B>:</B>&nbsp; unlike a person's known character<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> control<B>:</B>&nbsp; not able to be regulated or guided<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> danger<B>:</B>&nbsp; safe<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> date<B>:</B>&nbsp; no longer used; old-fashioned; (of news) no longer true<BR>

<!--page 365-->
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> debt<B>:</B>&nbsp; having paid one's debts<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>out of</B> one's depth<B>:</B>&nbsp; be unable to handle a situation because of lack of experience<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> doors<B>:</B>&nbsp; in the open air; not in a building<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> fashion<B>:</B>&nbsp; not fashionable; not presently in common use<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> hand<B>:</B>&nbsp; not under control<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> harm's way<B>:</B>&nbsp; safe<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> line with<B>:</B>&nbsp; in disagreement with<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>out of</B> one's mind<B>:</B>&nbsp; be insane<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> order<B>:</B>&nbsp; not functioning properly; (at a formal meeting) not behaving according to the rules<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> the ordinary<B>:</B>&nbsp; unusual<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> place<B>:</B>&nbsp; unsuitable<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> practice<B>:</B>&nbsp; unable to do something as well as one has in past, because of lack of recent practice<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> print<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of a book) no longer available from the publisher<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> proportion<B>:</B>&nbsp; too big or too small; not having the appropriate relationship to something<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> the question<B>:</B>&nbsp; impossible; not to be considered<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> season<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of fruit or vegetables) not readily available at that time of year<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> shape<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of persons) not in top condition because of lack of exercise<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> sight<B>:</B>&nbsp; hidden, not able to be seen<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> stock<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of goods at a store) temporarily unavailable<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> style<B>:</B>&nbsp; not fashionable<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> touch<B>:</B>&nbsp; with not in communication with; not informed about<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> town<B>:</B>&nbsp; having temporarily left town<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> trouble<B>:</B>&nbsp; not in trouble<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> tune<B>:</B>&nbsp; not at the correct pitch<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>out of</B> work<B>:</B>&nbsp; no longer having employment<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2to"></A>
<B>To</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>to</B> all intents and purposes<B>:</B>&nbsp; in all important ways<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>to</B> a certain extent<B>:</B>&nbsp; partly<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>to</B> date<B>:</B>&nbsp; so far; until now<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; up <B>to</B> date<B>:</B>&nbsp; current; modern<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; see eye <B>to</B> eye with<B>:</B>&nbsp; agree entirely with<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; take something <B>to</B> heart<B>:</B>&nbsp; be much affected by something<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; made <B>to</B> measure<B>:</B>&nbsp; exactly suitable; (of clothes) made for a certain person<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; keep something <B>to</B> oneself<B>:</B>&nbsp; not tell anyone<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>to</B> the point<B>:</B>&nbsp; relevant<BR>


<!--page 366-->
<BR>

<A NAME="2un"></A>
<B>Under</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> age<B>:</B>&nbsp; below the age of being legally permitted to do something<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>under</B> arrest<B>:</B>&nbsp; be held prisoner and charged with wrongdoing<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> the auspices of<B>:</B>&nbsp; with the patronage of; supported by<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> one's breath<B>:</B>&nbsp; in a whisper<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> the circumstances<B>:</B>&nbsp; because this is true<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> consideration<B>:</B>&nbsp; being thought about<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> control<B>:</B>&nbsp; able to be regulated or guided<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> cover of<B>:</B>&nbsp; protected by; undetected because of<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> fire<B>:</B>&nbsp; being shot at; being criticized<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> the impression that<B>:</B>&nbsp; having the idea that<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>under</B> the influence of<B>:</B>&nbsp; be affected by<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; be <B>under</B> oath<B>:</B>&nbsp; have sworn to tell the truth<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> observation<B>:</B>&nbsp; being watched carefully<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>under</B> restraint<B>:</B>&nbsp; prevented from doing something<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2up"></A>
<B>Up</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; have something <B>up</B> one's sleeve<B>:</B>&nbsp; have a secret idea or plan in reserve<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2wh"></A>
<B>With</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>with</B> impunity<B>:</B>&nbsp; without risk of injury or punishment<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>with</B> the naked eye<B>:</B>&nbsp; without using a magnifying lens<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>with</B> no strings attached<B>:</B>&nbsp; (of help given) with no conditions; to be used freely<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; take <B>with</B> a pinch of salt<B>:</B>&nbsp; not believe completely<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>with</B> regard to<B>:</B>&nbsp; concerning; about<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>with</B> respect to<B>:</B>&nbsp; concerning; about<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; tarred <B>with</B> the same brush<B>:</B>&nbsp; having the same faults<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>with</B> a vengeance<B>:</B>&nbsp; very much; more than usual<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2wn"></A>
<B>Within</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>within</B> limits<B>:</B>&nbsp; to a certain extent; not too much<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; <B>within</B> living memory<B>:</B>&nbsp; within the memory of people now alive<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2wt"></A>
<B>Without</B><BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; go <B>without</B> saying<B>:</B>&nbsp; be obvious<BR>
<BR>

See <A HREF="gramex26.html#3">Exercises 3</A> and <A HREF="gramex26.html#4">4</A>.<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<!--page 367-->
<A NAME="3"></A>
<CENTER><B>3. Nouns followed by prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>

The following are examples of nouns which are usually followed by
certain prepositions. In the case of phrases which are idioms, the
meanings of the phrases are indicated in brackets.<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>Against</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; take precautions against</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>For</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have affection for</TD><TD>&nbsp; make allowances for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have compassion for</TD><TD>&nbsp; an excuse for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; a reason for</TD><TD>&nbsp; have a reputation for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have respect for</TD><TD>&nbsp; have sympathy for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have a talent for</TD><TD>&nbsp; lie in wait for (ambush)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pave the way for (prepare for)</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>From</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; absence from</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>In</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have confidence in</TD><TD>&nbsp; have faith in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have an interest in</TD><TD>&nbsp; take part in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; make progress in</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Into</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have insight into</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Of</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have an abhorrence of</TD><TD>&nbsp; an acknowledgement of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; take advantage of</TD><TD>&nbsp; take care of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; take command of</TD><TD>&nbsp; evidence of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; an example of</TD><TD>&nbsp; an excess of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; make a fool of</TD><TD>&nbsp; make fun of (ridicule)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have an impression of</TD><TD>&nbsp; a lack of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; neglect of</TD><TD>&nbsp; a number of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; a pair of</TD><TD>&nbsp; be part of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; a possibility of</TD><TD>&nbsp; make a practice of (do often)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; a proof of</TD><TD>&nbsp; a quantity of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; recognition of</TD><TD>&nbsp; a recollection of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; a result of</TD><TD>&nbsp; run the risk of (risk)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; catch sight of (see suddenly)</TD><TD>&nbsp; a sign of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; a survey of</TD><TD>&nbsp; a symbol of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; a symptom of</TD><TD>&nbsp; a token of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; make use of</TD><TD>&nbsp; a way of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; wash one's hands of (stop caring</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; about and dealing with)</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>On</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; an attack on</TD><TD>&nbsp; dependence on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; make an impression on</TD><TD>&nbsp; play a joke on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; shed light on (explain)</TD><TD>&nbsp; have pity on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<!--page 368-->
<TR><TD><B>To</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have access to</TD><TD>&nbsp; pay attention to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; an objection to</TD><TD>&nbsp; a reply to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; a response to</TD><TD>&nbsp; lay siege to (besiege)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; shut one's eyes to (deliberately</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; ignore a problem)</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Toward</B> or <B>Towards</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; animosity toward(s)</TD><TD>&nbsp; an attitude toward(s)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>With</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; have a connection with</TD><TD>&nbsp; find fault with (criticize)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; fall in love with</TD><TD>&nbsp; change places with</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>

See <A HREF="gramex26.html#5">Exercise 5</A>.
<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<A NAME="4"></A>
<CENTER><B>4. Adjectives and verbs in the passive voice followed by prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>

In some cases different prepositions can be
used without causing a change in meaning. For instance, the following
examples both have the same meaning.<BR>
e.g. I was angry <B>at</B> them.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I was angry <B>with</B> them.<BR>
<BR>
However, in many cases, the use of different prepositions causes a
change in meaning. For instance, the past participle <B>protected</B> is
typically followed by the preposition <B>from</B>. However, like many other
past participles, <B>protected</B> may also be followed by the preposition
<B>by</B>, where <B>by</B> serves to introduce the performer of the action
expressed by the past participle.<BR>
e.g. The city is protected <B>from</B> the soldiers.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The city is protected <B>by</B> the soldiers.<BR>
The first example indicates that the soldiers are a <U>threat</U> to
the city; whereas the second example indicates that the soldiers are
<U>protecting</U> the city.<BR>
<A NAME="4ex"></A>
<BR>
The following are examples of predicate adjectives and past participles
of verbs in the Passive Voice which are usually followed by certain
prepositions. In addition, it should be kept in mind that most verbs in the Passive Voice can be followed by a phrase
beginning with the preposition <B>by</B>.<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>About</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; anxious about</TD><TD>&nbsp; concerned about</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; curious about</TD><TD>&nbsp; depressed about</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; doubtful about</TD><TD>&nbsp; enthusiastic about</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; excited about</TD><TD>&nbsp; happy about</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pleased about</TD><TD>&nbsp; wrong about</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; worried about</TD><TD>&nbsp;  </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>At</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; adept at</TD><TD>&nbsp; alarmed at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; amazed at</TD><TD>&nbsp; overjoyed at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; shocked at</TD><TD>&nbsp; surprised at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<!--page 369-->
<TR><TD><B>Between</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; torn between</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>By</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; accompanied by</TD><TD>&nbsp; caused by</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; guided by</TD><TD>&nbsp; manufactured by</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; obsessed by</TD><TD>&nbsp; written by</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>For</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; blamed for</TD><TD>&nbsp; eligible for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; famous for</TD><TD>&nbsp; fit for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; known for</TD><TD>&nbsp; late for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; noted for</TD><TD>&nbsp; praised for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; punished for</TD><TD>&nbsp; qualified for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ready for</TD><TD>&nbsp; responsible for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ripe for</TD><TD>&nbsp; sorry for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; suitable for</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>From</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; absent from</TD><TD>&nbsp; apart from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; derived from</TD><TD>&nbsp; descended from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; detached from</TD><TD>&nbsp; different from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; distinct from</TD><TD>&nbsp; exempt from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; far from</TD><TD>&nbsp; isolated from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; omitted from</TD><TD>&nbsp; protected from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; removed from</TD><TD>&nbsp; safe from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; separated from</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>In</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; absorbed in</TD><TD>&nbsp; disappointed in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; engaged in</TD><TD>&nbsp; immersed in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; interested in</TD><TD>&nbsp; involved in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Of</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; accused of</TD><TD>&nbsp; afraid of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ashamed of</TD><TD>&nbsp; aware of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; capable of</TD><TD>&nbsp; certain of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; composed of</TD><TD>&nbsp; conscious of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; convinced of</TD><TD>&nbsp; deprived of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; devoid of</TD><TD>&nbsp; fond of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ignorant of</TD><TD>&nbsp; independent of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; jealous of</TD><TD>&nbsp; proud of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; regardless of</TD><TD>&nbsp; reminded of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sure of</TD><TD>&nbsp; suspicious of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; suspected of</TD><TD>&nbsp; terrified of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; tired of</TD><TD>&nbsp; worthy of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<!--page 370-->
<TR><TD><B>On</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; based on</TD><TD>&nbsp; dependent on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; intent on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>To</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; acceptable to</TD><TD>&nbsp; accessible to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; accustomed to</TD><TD>&nbsp; adapted to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; addicted to</TD><TD>&nbsp; adjacent to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; attached to</TD><TD>&nbsp; attributable to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; close to</TD><TD>&nbsp; committed to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; comparable to</TD><TD>&nbsp; dedicated to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; detrimental to</TD><TD>&nbsp; devoted to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; due to</TD><TD>&nbsp; equal to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; equivalent to</TD><TD>&nbsp; essential to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; exposed to</TD><TD>&nbsp; faithful to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; favorable to</TD><TD>&nbsp; foreign to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; impervious to</TD><TD>&nbsp; indifferent to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; indispensable to</TD><TD>&nbsp; inferior to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; kind to</TD><TD>&nbsp; loyal to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; next to</TD><TD>&nbsp; obedient to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; obliged to</TD><TD>&nbsp; oblivious to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; opposed to</TD><TD>&nbsp; parallel to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; partial to</TD><TD>&nbsp; peculiar to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; preferable to</TD><TD>&nbsp; prior to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; proportional to</TD><TD>&nbsp; reconciled to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; reduced to</TD><TD>&nbsp; related to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; relative to</TD><TD>&nbsp; relevant to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; resigned to</TD><TD>&nbsp; resistant to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; restricted to</TD><TD>&nbsp; senior to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sensitive to</TD><TD>&nbsp; similar to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; subject to</TD><TD>&nbsp; subordinate to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; suited to</TD><TD>&nbsp; superior to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; susceptible to</TD><TD>&nbsp; tied to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Toward</B> or <B>Towards</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; protective toward(s)</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>With</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; acquainted with</TD><TD>&nbsp; affiliated with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; associated with</TD><TD>&nbsp; besieged with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; compared with</TD><TD>&nbsp; compatible with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; confronted with</TD><TD>&nbsp; consistent with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; covered with</TD><TD>&nbsp; cursed with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; exasperated with</TD><TD>&nbsp; familiar with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; finished with</TD><TD>&nbsp; identified with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; infatuated with</TD><TD>&nbsp; patient with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pleased with</TD><TD>&nbsp; satisfied with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; synonymous with</TD><TD>&nbsp; threatened with</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>

See <A HREF="gramex26.html#6">Exercise 6</A>.<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

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<A NAME="5"></A>
<CENTER><B>5. Verbs followed by prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>

The following are examples of verbs which are often followed by certain
prepositions.<BR>
<BR>

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<TR><TD><B>About</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; care about</TD><TD>&nbsp; complain about</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; forget about</TD><TD>&nbsp; lie about (tell a lie)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; reminisce about</TD><TD>&nbsp; talk about</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; think about</TD><TD>&nbsp; wonder about</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; worry about</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Against</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; discriminate against</TD><TD>&nbsp; protest against</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; react against</TD><TD>&nbsp; rebel against</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; turn against</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>At</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; aim at</TD><TD>&nbsp; bark at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; connive at</TD><TD>&nbsp; frown at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; gaze at</TD><TD>&nbsp; glare at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; growl at</TD><TD>&nbsp; hint at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; look at</TD><TD>&nbsp; point at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; shoot at</TD><TD>&nbsp; smile at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; snap at</TD><TD>&nbsp; sneer at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; stare at</TD><TD>&nbsp; wave at</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; wink at</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>For</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; apply for</TD><TD>&nbsp; apologize for </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; beg for</TD><TD>&nbsp; blame for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; budget for</TD><TD>&nbsp; hope for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; long for</TD><TD>&nbsp; look for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; mourn for</TD><TD>&nbsp; pay for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; plead for</TD><TD>&nbsp; pose for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pray for</TD><TD>&nbsp; prepare for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; press for</TD><TD>&nbsp; register for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; search for</TD><TD>&nbsp; shop for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; substitute for</TD><TD>&nbsp; vouch for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; wait for</TD><TD>&nbsp; wish for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>From</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; abstain from</TD><TD>&nbsp; benefit from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; deduct from</TD><TD>&nbsp; derive from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; desist from</TD><TD>&nbsp; deter from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; detract from</TD><TD>&nbsp; deviate from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; differ from</TD><TD>&nbsp; divert from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; escape from</TD><TD>&nbsp; extricate from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; flee from</TD><TD>&nbsp; infer from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; profit from</TD><TD>&nbsp; protect from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; quote from</TD><TD>&nbsp; radiate from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; recoil from</TD><TD>&nbsp; recover from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; refrain from</TD><TD>&nbsp; shrink from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; stem from</TD><TD>&nbsp; suffer from</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

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<TR><TD><B>In</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; believe in</TD><TD>&nbsp; engage in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; indulge in</TD><TD>&nbsp; intervene in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; invest in</TD><TD>&nbsp; participate in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; persist in</TD><TD>&nbsp; succeed in</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Into</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; change into</TD><TD>&nbsp; convert into</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; delve into</TD><TD>&nbsp; dip into</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; develop into</TD><TD>&nbsp; divide into</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; fall into</TD><TD>&nbsp; merge into</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; plunge into</TD><TD>&nbsp; pry into</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sink into</TD><TD>&nbsp; transform into</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Of</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; approve of</TD><TD>&nbsp; beware of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; conceive of</TD><TD>&nbsp; consist of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; deprive of</TD><TD>&nbsp; die of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; disapprove of</TD><TD>&nbsp; smell of</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>On</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; blame on</TD><TD>&nbsp; concentrate on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; depend on</TD><TD>&nbsp; impinge on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; impose on</TD><TD>&nbsp; insist on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; intrude on</TD><TD>&nbsp; pounce on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; reflect on</TD><TD>&nbsp; rely on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; report on</TD><TD>&nbsp; spy on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; subsist on</TD><TD>&nbsp; thrive on</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>Over</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; preside over</TD><TD>&nbsp; trip over</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>To</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; adapt to</TD><TD>&nbsp; adhere to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; adjust to</TD><TD>&nbsp; amount to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; belong to</TD><TD>&nbsp; conform to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; contribute to</TD><TD>&nbsp; correspond to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; listen to</TD><TD>&nbsp; object to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pertain to</TD><TD>&nbsp; prefer to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; refer to</TD><TD>&nbsp; relate to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; respond to</TD><TD>&nbsp; resort to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; revert to</TD><TD>&nbsp; submit to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; subscribe to</TD><TD>&nbsp; succumb to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; surrender to</TD><TD>&nbsp; yield to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><B>With</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; agree with</TD><TD>&nbsp; associate with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; collaborate with</TD><TD>&nbsp; combine with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; communicate with</TD><TD>&nbsp; comply with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; concur with</TD><TD>&nbsp; consort with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; contend with</TD><TD>&nbsp; cooperate with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; cope with</TD><TD>&nbsp; correspond with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; flirt with</TD><TD>&nbsp; mingle with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; share with</TD><TD>&nbsp; sympathize with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>

See <A HREF="gramex26.html#7">Exercise 7</A>.

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